Ournal of Experimental Social Psychology

An unobstrusive experimental manipulation was used to test the hypothesis that the mere presence of others can influence an individual’s performance. A task was employed for which there were no clear performance criteria, and which was very unlikely to engender evaluation apprehension. Performance times on this task (dressing and undressing in familiar and unfamiliar clothing) were compared for subjects working alone, in the presence of a passive inattentive person, and in the presence of an attentive spectator. In contrast with the Alone condition, both social conditions (Audience and Incidental Audience) enhanced performance on the well-learned aspects of the task (dressing and undressing with one’s own clothing) and hindered performance on the more complex aspects (working with unfamiliar clothing). It is concluded that the mere presence of others is a sufficient condition for social facilitation and social interference effects.